FUNERARY GOODS · BASTETANIA AND ORETANIA

Grave goods of Baza and Toya

What a tomb brings together and looting disrupts

The tombs of Baza and Toyá allow comparing the objects and buildings chosen for different funerals.

Museum documentation · free public access, no account required.

Image of Grave goods of Baza and Toya — **DECLARED VISUAL RECONSTRUCTION · AI-GENERATED IMAGE · TRACEKEEPERS**
Generated reconstruction · Declared visual hypothesis
Declared visual reconstruction; not a photograph of the original nor documentary evidence.

History and context

In tomb 155 of Baza, the Lady herself contained the cremated remains of a woman. At her feet remained four sets of weapons and luxury ceramics: they are not a domestic inventory, but a selection destined to produce memory, rank and presence during the funeral.

The Chamber of Toya offers another type of aristocratic architecture: a room of ashlar blocks with urns, imported ceramics and elements of a cart. Its early looting obliges distinguishing the conserved monument from the original position of each recovered object.

The most revealing effect lies in the comparison: two elites close in time could construct memory with different languages. The grave goods are not a photograph of life; they are a political and ritual decision taken in the face of death.

Evidence and interpretation

Documented: cinerary function of the Lady of Baza, remains of an adult woman, four panoplies and context of tomb 155; monumental chamber and aristocratic grave goods in Toya. Caution: «queen», «priestess», «goddess» or «warrior» are hypotheses, and the weapons do not by themselves prove that the deceased fought.

Catalogue facts

Date: First half of the 4th century BCE
Places: Cerro del Santuario, Baza (Granada) · Chamber of Toya, Peal de Becerro (Jaén)
Representative set: Lady-urn · cremated remains · four panoplies · ceramics · urns · cart elements
Degree of certainty: Documented archaeological contexts; identity and social reading open

A SHARED TOPIC, DIFFERENT MOMENTS

Objects connected through time

Follow a topic across the collections. A shared tag is a way to compare objects, not proof that one culture influenced another.

The order uses the midpoint of each approximate date range; ranges can overlap. Spacing does not represent elapsed time. Swipe, scroll or use the arrows. With the sequence focused, use ← / →, Home or End.

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First half of the 4th century BCE

Grave goods of Baza and Toya

Iberians

First half of the 4th century BCE; date of the funerary set.

Current record

Funerary contexts54 dated objects

37 / 54In the centre: Grave goods of Baza and Toya

Also connected, without a comparable date (10)

These objects are not placed after the others: an unknown date does not mean a more recent object.

A Kerma vessel deposited at AbydosAncient Egypt · Second Intermediate Period
A vase travels; the rite changesIberians · No individual dating published on this record
CemeteryIndus civilisation · ca. 2600–1900 BCE
Daegok-ri grave goodsGojoseon and early Korea · from c. 5th century BCE
Four panopliesIberians · No individual dating published on this record
Livestock and moundsNubia, Kerma and Kush · c. 2050–1500 BCE
Shum LakaBantu-speaking worlds · c. 8,000 and 3,000 years before present
The quarry remained visibleGojoseon and early Korea · Mainly 6th–5th centuries BCE
Three hundred lives in the sandYayoi Japan · Mainly 4th century BCE–3rd century CE
Urns from AdichanallurVedic and later Indian worlds · Iron Age · samples towards 665 and 467 BCE

You can scroll the first group without JavaScript. The other topics are also available below.

Vessels

Before Sumer · mid-6th–5th millennium BCE · Sumer
Twin-chambered vessel from Cova de l’Or · Early Neolithic · VI–V millennia BCE · Prehistory
Before Egypt · ca. 4400–3800 BCE · Ancient Egypt
Before Nubia · V–IV millennium BCE · Nubia, Kerma and Kush
Before Gojoseon · Middle Neolithic, c. 4000 BCE · Gojoseon and early Korea
Bevel-rimmed bowl · ca. 3500–3000 BCE · Sumer
Uruk Vase · ca. 3300–3000 BCE · Sumer
Before Yayoi · Middle Jōmon, ca. 3000 BCE · Yayoi Japan
Vasiliki · ca. 2500–2200 BCE · Greek worlds
Before the Greeks · c. 2400–2200 BCE · Greek worlds
Before Ancient China · c. 2500–2000 BCE · Ancient China
Longshan · c. 2500–2000 BCE · Ancient China
Kerma vessel · c. 1802–1640 BCE · Nubia, Kerma and Kush
Grave Circle A and Chrysolakkos · 18th–16th centuries BCE · Greek worlds
Before Vedic India · c. 1900–1300 BCE · Vedic and later Indian worlds
Jue · c. sixteenth century BCE · Ancient China
Pithos · c. 1450–1375 BCE · Greek worlds
Tutankhamun's grave goods · death towards 1323 BCE · Ancient Egypt
Stag Vessel · 14th–13th centuries BCE · Hittites
Valchitran · second half of the 14th century–beginning of the 13th century BCE, according to NAIM; other publications use wider intervals from the Late Bronze. · Thracians
Liding · 12th–11th centuries BCE · Ancient China
Before the Iberias · Final Bronze, c. 1000 BCE · Iberians
Grey bowl from Hastinapura · c. 1100–800 BCE in the classical sequence of Hastinapura · Vedic and later Indian worlds
Before Etruscans and Rome · ca. 850–800 BCE · Etruscans and Rome
The urn under the helmet · 9th–8th centuries BCE · Etruscans and Rome
Tomb 1 at Kuntur Wasi · c. 800 BCE · Pre-Inca cultures
Regolini-Galassi tomb · ca. 675–650 BCE · Etruscans and Rome
The great Greek krater of Vix · ≈530–500 BCE · Greek worlds
Scorțaru cauldron · 6th–5th centuries BCE · Thracians
Vix Tomb · c. 500 BCE · Celtic worlds
Orpheus among the Thracians · circa 440 BCE; attributed to the London Painter E 497. · Thracians
Twenty-six voiceless signs · 5th–4th centuries BCE · Scythians and Saka
Rogozen · mainly 5th–4th centuries BCE; The set has a history of accumulation, not a single manufacturing date. · Thracians
Grave goods of Baza and Toya · First half of the 4th century BCE · Iberians — You are viewing
The Attic krater that took on a new life in Cástulo · 4th century BCE · Greek worlds
The silver amphora of Chertomlyk · 4th century BCE · Greek worlds
The Kul-Oba vase · 4th century BCE · Greek worlds
Faces of the Steppe · Second half of the 4th century BCE · Scythians and Saka
Poroina Mare Rhyton · Second half of the 4th century BCE · Thracians
Borovo · 4th century BC C.; 350–300 BCE in the ISAW catalog. · Thracians
Leipzig Fish Plate · Last third 4th–early 3rd century BCE · Greek worlds
Golyamata Kosmatka · End of the 4th century – beginning of the 3rd century BCE; ritual burial at the beginning of the III according to Iskra. · Thracians
Panagyurishte · late 4th century – early 3rd century BCE, towards 300 BCE · Thracians
Dove of the Amarejo · 3rd century BCE · Iberians
Mairena Hoard · 3rd century BCE · Iberians
Vase from Chão de Lamas · Piece: III–II centuries BCE · concealment ≈110–76 BCE · Iberians
Vas dels Guerrers · 3rd–early 2nd century BCE · Iberians
Warriors' Vase · 3rd–2nd centuries BCE · Iberians
The dismantled cauldron · 2nd–1st centuries BCE · Celtic worlds
Kalathos of Alcorisa · 2nd–1st centuries BCE · Iberians
Patera from Perotito · Second half of the 2nd–beginnings of the 1st century BCE · Iberians
Urewe vessel · regional range c. 800 BCE–650 CE · Bantu-speaking worlds
Two rows of coffins · Mainly Middle Yayoi, 2nd century BCE–1st century CE · Yayoi Japan
Ceramics that continued · Last third of the 2nd century BCE–1st century CE · Iberians
Roman glass oinochoe · Late 1st century BCE–early 1st century CE · Etruscans and Rome
Gladiators Cup of Chavagnes · 25–75 CE · Etruscans and Rome
Egyptian oil lamp with a fish, held in Laon · 3rd–4th centuries CE · Ancient Egypt
Laon lamp with fish · 3rd–4th centuries CE · Etruscans and Rome
Water in a shell · 1816–1826 · San histories

Without a comparable date (not part of the chronological order):

A Kerma vessel deposited at Abydos · Second Intermediate Period · Ancient Egypt
A tradition that invents · collected in 1993 or 1995 · Batwa / Twa histories
A vase travels; the rite changes · No individual dating published on this record · Iberians
Early pottery · before ca. 9400 cal BCE · Mande Worlds
Liédena Flask · Roman period · individual chronology not published in the entry · Etruscans and Rome
Made in Garama · I millennium BCE–I millennium CE · Garamantes
Oil in a calabash · ca. 1947 · Batwa / Twa histories
The unfinished gesture · 1947 · Batwa / Twa histories
Travelling objects · Mainly Roman period · Garamantes
Urns from Adichanallur · Iron Age · samples towards 665 and 467 BCE · Vedic and later Indian worlds
Vessels without a language · Urewe, broad regional range ca. 800 BCE–650 CE · Bantu-speaking worlds

Arms and military equipment

Bilateral harpoon · ≈15,000 years · Magdalenian · Prehistory
Nahal Hemar Knives · 8th millennium BCE · Pre-Pottery Neolithic B context · Prehistory
Holmegaard bow · ≈7000 BCE · Prehistory
Gebel el-Arak knife · 3600–3200 BCE · Naqada II C–D · Ancient Egypt
Narmer Palette · ca. 3100 BCE · Ancient Egypt
Stele of the Vultures · Towards 2450–2425 BCE · Sumer
Naram-Sin Stele · Reign of Naram-Sin, 2254–2218 BCE · Sumer
Before Phoenicia · 20th–18th centuries BCE · Phoenicians
Talayotic sword · ≈1200–1000 BCE · destruction of the talayot towards 790 BCE · Iberians
The lute-shaped dagger · Towards 1000–400 BCE · Gojoseon and early Korea
Steppe kurgans · 7th–4th centuries BCE · Scythians and Saka
Bow and arrows in a case · 5th–4th centuries BCE · Scythians and Saka
Coțofenești helmet · Second half of the 5th century – beginning of the 4th century BCE · Thracians
Grave goods of Baza and Toya · First half of the 4th century BCE · Iberians — You are viewing
A battle on a comb · Early 4th century BCE · Scythians and Saka
The Solokha gold comb · 4th century BCE · Greek worlds
453 astragali from Alarcos · 4th–3rd centuries BCE · necropolis chronology · Iberians
Falcata from Almedinilla · 4th–3rd centuries BCE · Iberians
The blade became straight · 5th–1st centuries BCE · Gojoseon and early Korea
Vas dels Guerrers · 3rd–early 2nd century BCE · Iberians
Warriors' Vase · 3rd–2nd centuries BCE · Iberians
The Shield that Did Not Fight · Around 350–50 BCE · Celtic worlds
Gladiators Cup of Chavagnes · 25–75 CE · Etruscans and Rome
Thracian Gladiator from Cádiz · 67–100 CE · Etruscans and Rome

Without a comparable date (not part of the chronological order):

Daegok-ri grave goods · from c. 5th century BCE · Gojoseon and early Korea
Dance with weapons · Towards 400 BCE. Xenophon's story · Thracians
Four panoplies · No individual dating published on this record · Iberians
Tools in relation · ca. 1947 · Batwa / Twa histories
Weapons under the Lake · Mainly 3rd–1st centuries BCE · Celtic worlds

Jewellery and adornment

Hohle Fels · ≈40,000 years · Aurignacian · Prehistory
'Jamila's' necklace · ≈7250–7000 BCE · Prehistory
The Gold of Varna · Towards 4600–4200 BCE · Thracians
Puabi headdress · ca. 2600–2450 BCE · Sumer
Cemetery R-37 · ca. 2550–2030 BCE · Indus civilisation
Carnelian beads · ca. 2600–1900 BCE · Indus civilisation
Grave Circle A and Chrysolakkos · 18th–16th centuries BCE · Greek worlds
Burial at K IV · circa 1750–1550 BCE · Nubia, Kerma and Kush
Tutankhamun's grave goods · death towards 1323 BCE · Ancient Egypt
Fu Hao’s burial goods · ca. 1200 BCE · Ancient China
Before the Iberias · Final Bronze, c. 1000 BCE · Iberians
Tomb 1 at Kuntur Wasi · c. 800 BCE · Pre-Inca cultures
Beads from Cerro de los Vientos · 8th–7th centuries BCE · orientalizing · Iberians
Gold at Kuntur Wasi · c. 800–550 BCE · Pre-Inca cultures
Regolini-Galassi tomb · ca. 675–650 BCE · Etruscans and Rome
Condomina Earring · 6th century BCE · Iberians
Steppe kurgans · 7th–4th centuries BCE · Scythians and Saka
Vix Tomb · c. 500 BCE · Celtic worlds
La Venta grave goods · ca. 600–400 BCE · Maya worlds
Ezerovo Ring · 5th century BCE · chronology discussed in the bibliography · Thracians
Grave goods of Baza and Toya · First half of the 4th century BCE · Iberians — You are viewing
Treasure of Jávea · 4th century BCE · Iberians
Susa grave goods · c. 350 BCE · Achaemenid Persia
Punic head pendant · Mid 4th–3rd centuries BCE · Phoenicians
Treasure of Cheste · Jewellery from the 4th–3rd centuries BCE; concealment at the end of the 3rd century BCE. · Iberians
Marina Alta Hoard · Jewellery: 5th–2nd centuries BCE; concealment probably around 80–73 BCE. · Iberians
Golyamata Kosmatka · End of the 4th century – beginning of the 3rd century BCE; ritual burial at the beginning of the III according to Iskra. · Thracians
Mairena Hoard · 3rd century BCE · Iberians
Chão de Lamas pectoral · 3rd–2nd centuries BCE · concealed in the early 1st century BCE · Iberians
Fibula from Lancia · ≈300–100 BCE · Iberians
Northern mound · 2nd–1st centuries BCE · Yayoi Japan
Horse fibula · 2nd century BCE · disputed chronology · Iberians
Simancas-type belt buckle · Second half of the IV century–V century CE · Iberians
Pakal’s grave goods · sealed on 28 August 683 CE · Maya worlds
Missing grave goods · 13th–15th centuries according to the heritage overview · Bantu-speaking worlds

Without a comparable date (not part of the chronological order):

Dressing to be seen · 6th–1st centuries BCE · Iberians

A closer look

About 1 min to read · 1 section. Further reading and sources · free access. Editorial review recorded: September 5, 2026.

The ancient chamber and its replica

Toya is not a single room: it has three main spaces, and each side incorporates a smaller antechamber. The Jaén Museum documents a life-size reproduction made in polyester in 1999, measuring 4.55 by 4.6 metres, from the Autonomous University of Madrid. It is advisable to distinguish this museographic resource from the monument located in Peal de Becerro, protected since 1918. The replica allows appreciating the architectural compartmentalisation without displacing the ancient construction. Nor does it by itself return the objects to their original positions: it reproduces a space, not an intact grave good.

Museum · Jaén Museum · Chamber of Toya (reproduction)Access recorded: September 5, 2026.

Location and territory

LOCATED SITE

Baza · GranadaMarker of the funerary assemblage.

Where it is held

Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid)

Component of the group · Permanent exhibition

Preserves the Lady and the grave goods of Baza represented in the composite card.

Jaén Museum

Replica or reconstruction · On display

1:1 scale reproduction of the Chamber of Toya; the original building remains in situ.

The holding institution is documented; public display may change. Check its official record before visiting.

Sources and references

Expands the funerary context in the MAN record

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History and context

Evidence and interpretation

Catalogue facts

Grave goods of Baza and Toya

Brno II Articulated Figure

'Jamila's' necklace

The Gold of Varna

El Miradero spatula-idols

Guadancil idol-plaque

Staff of Anta 4

Abydos Boats

Queen's Lyre

Puabi headdress

Standard of Ur

Cemetery R-37

Kerma vessel

Grave Circle A and Chrysolakkos

Burial at K IV

Before Vedic India

Osmankayası and Ilıca

Tutankhamun's grave goods

Fu Hao’s burial goods

The voice of Ahiram

Before Etruscans and Rome

The urn under the helmet

Tomb 1 at Kuntur Wasi

Beads from Cerro de los Vientos

Ceramic stand 1010

Regolini-Galassi tomb

Shabti of Psamtek

Two voices in an urn

The great Greek krater of Vix

Steppe kurgans

Vix Tomb

La Venta grave goods

Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar

Banquet under leopards

Twenty-six voiceless signs

The oldest knotted carpet

The statue was the urn

Grave goods of Baza and Toya

The Attic krater that took on a new life in Cástulo

The silver amphora of Chertomlyk

The Kul-Oba vase

Susa grave goods

Faces of the Steppe

Lady of Ibiza

453 astragali from Alarcos

Lady of Ibiza

Falcata from Almedinilla

Golyamata Kosmatka

The blade became straight

Geometry in very fine lines

Northern mound

Two rows of coffins

Kabusanza, ca. 400

Pakal’s grave goods

Missing grave goods

A closer look

The ancient chamber and its replica

Location and territory

Where it is held

Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid)

Jaén Museum

Sources and references

Did you enjoy this exhibit?