03 · OBJECT · JEMDET NASR PHASE
Account of malt and barley
The tablet that does not yet tell a story
Writing began by solving accounts before narrating heroes.
Museum documentation · free public access, no account required.
Generated reconstruction · Declared visual hypothesis
Declared visual reconstruction for museographic context; it is not a photograph of the original nor documentary evidence.
History and context
An unrecorded Mesopotamian tablet of exact provenance preserves an administrative account of barley malt and meal. It does not tell a myth: it converts goods and quantities into marks that could be reviewed without the speaker being present.
That small rectangle of clay belongs to a documentary tradition developed first in Uruk and later spread to other centers. An administrative decision could travel from hand to hand and remain legible when the grain had already disappeared.
Metrological systems varied depending on what was said: reading a malt and barley tablet requires recognizing both the product and the numerical system, not just identifying isolated signs.
The accounts were not neutral. Converting people and assets into boxes allowed comparison, claims and auditing; It also made workers visible from the perspective of whoever managed.
Evidence and interpretation
Documented fact: The Met dates this tablet to the Jemdet Nasr phase, ca. 3100–2900 BCE, and identifies entries of malt and barley grits; It does not record a specific discovery location. Interpretation and caution: It should not be assumed that the entire population read or that the system already fully transcribed the Sumerian language. Documented extension: The Met dates the tablet to the Jemdet Nasr phase, ca. 3100–2900 BCE, and identifies a bill of malt and barley grits; Its exact origin is not recorded. Interpretation and expanded caution: A modern transliteration organizes fragmentary signs; It is not equivalent to hearing the exact sentence of a scribe nor does it demonstrate that the text transcribes Sumerian completely.
Catalogue facts
- Narrative date
- c. 3100–2900 BCE
- Location
- Mesopotamia; exact provenance not recorded
- Material
- Printed and incised clay
- Context
- Malt and barley administrative account
- Curatorial reading
- The documented fact and its interpretation appear separately in the evidence block.
- Support
- Wet clay, incised and printed before drying.
- Specific content
- Administrative entries of malt and barley grits.
- Reading
- It requires reconstructing numerical systems in addition to signs.
- Documentary coverage
- 2 museum, heritage, primary corpus or research sources for this stop.
A SHARED TOPIC, DIFFERENT MOMENTS
Objects connected through time
Follow a topic across the collections. A shared tag is a way to compare objects, not proof that one culture influenced another.
The order uses the midpoint of each approximate date range; ranges can overlap. Spacing does not represent elapsed time. Swipe, scroll or use the arrows. With the sequence focused, use ← / →, Home or End.
Clay32 dated objects

≈29,000–27,000 years
Dolní Věstonice I
Prehistory
Approximate catalogue age; editorial reference 2026 for ordering only, not calibrated dating.
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mid-6th–5th millennium BCE
Before Sumer
Sumer
The full 6th–5th millennia BCE provide broad limits for chronological ordering; the record qualifies the date as ‘mid’; the item's date is used, not the broader preceding period.
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Early Neolithic · VI–V millennia BCE
Twin-chambered vessel from Cova de l’Or
Prehistory
Interval of the VI–V millennia BCE; no precise annual date.
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ca. 4400–3800 BCE
Before Egypt
Ancient Egypt
Date of the representative vessel, not of the entire predynastic period.
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V–IV millennium BCE
Overlapping datesBefore Nubia
Nubia, Kerma and Kush
Interval of the V–IV millennia BCE of the element, not of the entire preceding period.
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Middle Neolithic, c. 4000 BCE
Before Gojoseon
Gojoseon and early Korea
Date of the ceramic element, not of the preceding period.
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ca. 3500–3000 BCE
Overlapping datesBevel-rimmed bowl
Sumer
The wage ration hypothesis is not used as a functional label.
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3500–2900 BCE · proto-urban period; towards 3300 BCE as a guide, not exact date
Overlapping datesSusa accounting bulla
Sumer
Posted range; "towards 3300" is just orientation within that range.
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c. 3100–2900 BCE
Overlapping datesJemdet Nasr
Sumer
Approximate dating according to the record.
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You are viewingc. 3100–2900 BCE
Account of malt and barley
Sumer
Approximate dating according to the record.
Current record
Middle Jōmon, ca. 3000 BCE
Overlapping datesBefore Yayoi
Yayoi Japan
Date of the Jōmon element, not of the entire preceding period.
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ca. 2500–2200 BCE
Vasiliki
Greek worlds
Date range for the regional pottery assemblage.
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c. 2500–2000 BCE
Before Ancient China
Ancient China
Approximate dating according to the record.
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c. 2500–2000 BCE
Longshan
Ancient China
Date range for the Longshan pottery assemblage.
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c. 19th century BCE
Before the Hittites
Hittites
Date of the representative document, not of the entire preceding period.
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Kotosh-Mito Tradition, c. 2200–1500 BCE; the enclosure is usually situated around 1800 BCE.
Before Pre-Inca Cultures
Pre-Inca cultures
Element tradition interval; "around 1800" orients the enclosure.
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19th–18th centuries BCE
Queen of the Night
Sumer
Approximate dating according to the record.
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Paleo-Babylonian period · around 1800 BCE
Plimpton 322
Sumer
Approximate dating according to the record.
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Towards 1800 BCE
Sumerian King List
Sumer
Date of preserved copy, not of reigns listed.
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Paleo-Babylonian copy, around 1900–1600 BCE according to CDLI
Love song to Shu-Sin
Sumer
Date of the preserved Paleo-Babylonian copy, not of the origin of the song.
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Towards 1900–1600 BCE · paleobabylonian; uncertain chronological attribution in CDLI
Si.427 tablet
Sumer
Unclear chronological attribution in CDLI.
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≈1700–1650 BCE
Phaistos Disc
Greek worlds
The signs have no accepted reading.
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Towards 1650 BCE
Sumerian Flood of Nippur
Sumer
Approximate dating according to the record.
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Above all 17th–13th centuries BCE
Boğazköy Archive
Hittites
Main date range for the archive, not a single date for all the tablets.
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c. 1375 BCE
Linear B
Greek worlds
Approximate dating according to the record.
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c. 1300 BCE
Alaksandu of Wilusa
Hittites
Approximate dating according to the record.
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c. 1259 BCE, year 21 of Ramesses II
Treaty with Egypt
Hittites
Date of the treaty and its copy; not of the origin of relations between the two kingdoms.
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7th century BCE
Flood Tablet
Sumer
Approximate dating according to the record.
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Towards 700–500 BCE
Babylonian map of the world
Sumer
Approximate dating according to the record.
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522–486 BCE
Glazed brick guards
Achaemenid Persia
Date range associated with the reign of the decoration.
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Towards 509–493 BCE
Rations for women and children
Achaemenid Persia
Date range of the archive and its documents.
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regional range c. 800 BCE–650 CE
Urewe vessel
Bantu-speaking worlds
Regional date range for the Urewe type, not an individual date for each vessel.
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Also connected, without a comparable date (8)
These objects are not placed after the others: an unknown date does not mean a more recent object.
- A White Wall on the DanubeCeltic worlds · 6th century BCE
- Blue that does not yieldMaya worlds · Documented use from the Classic, c. 300–1500 CE
- Cyrus speaks as king of BabylonAchaemenid Persia · After the conquest of Babylon in 539 BCE
- Early potteryMande Worlds · before ca. 9400 cal BCE
- Made in GaramaGaramantes · I millennium BCE–I millennium CE
- Piece-mold castingAncient China · c. 1600–1046 BCE
- The unfinished gestureBatwa / Twa histories · 1947
- Vessels without a languageBantu-speaking worlds · Urewe, broad regional range ca. 800 BCE–650 CE
A closer look
About 1 min to read · 1 section. Further reading and sources · free access. Editorial review recorded: .
An account that depended on shared knowledge
The Met catalog notes that these early documents recorded mainly product names and some adjectives, with very few grammatical elements. They functioned as aids to remember operations known to their users. That economy of writing explains part of its current difficulty: recognizing a sign does not always reveal the full relationship between the entries. The tablet preserves lasting information, but also demonstrates how much could have been left out of the record because its original readers already shared the context of the transaction.
- Museum · The Met · Malt and Semolina Bill, 1988.433.3Access recorded: .
Location and territory
REGIONAL AREA
Mesopotamia; exact provenance not recordedSouthern Mesopotamia and cities of the alluvial plain. The footprint marks the indicative center of the area, not a border or an exact point.Where it is held
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Item or group in the record · Documented collection
The holding institution is documented; public display may change. Check its official record before visiting.
Sources and references
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